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The process involves hosting free workshops on building computers for public attendance American sports agent Rich Paul has teamed up with New Balance to launch his own version of the classic sneaker silhouette. The Rich Paul x New Balance is delivered in a soothing off-white, The iKamper Disco Series modular outdoor cooking system is a durable, performance-focused solution for those who spend extended periods in the wilderness camping or simply cooking meals outside.
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Crystal-Covered Low Top Sneakers. Justin Bieber. Bio Tile. Workstation-Equipped Electric Bikes. United States. European Product Design Awards. Keith Haring. Pet Kit. Multipurpose Professional Bags. Auto Guangzhou Princess Diana. Potassium content of some wood species were analyzed by Misra et al : pine Potash has been described as a white crystalline residue that remains after aqueous extract from ashes is evaporated Kevin, It is an impure form of potassium carbonate mixed with other potassium salts Wikipedia, These could be produced locally and industrially.
There are various local extraction technologies, depending on the desired quality, quantity and intended use of the resulting potash Babayemi et al, a. Generally, containers made of aluminum are to be avoided since alkali attacks aluminum. It consists of two clay pots of about 50 litres each mounted on each other. The one on top is open at the base, with radius about half the open top.
The open base is completely blocked with pieces of sticks, followed by a layer of wood charcoal. The remaining space on top is then packed with ashes which had already been moistened with water for some days to aid quick extraction.
Water is then carefully poured on top, as to only saturate the ashes, and not to leach the desired component yet. After few hours, when the ash would have completely absorbed the water and every large pores and air spaces blocked, sufficient water is then carefully poured on top. The water slowly leaches the potash into the lower pot, the ash itself serving as a filter. Perhaps the charcoal removes some unwanted organics from the leaching potash.
The potash produced this way is usually coloured brown, and may have contributed to the black colour of the local soap produced with it. At the top is a transparent plastic bottle of about 2 litres capacity and at the base is a beaker. The bottle is filled with ashes to about one-third.
Sufficient water is added, capped and then shaken thoroughly to dissolve the soluble components. The ash is allowed to settle, till a clear liquid is observed at the top. One or two pin- holes are made at the bottom, and then placed on the beaker, while the cap is removed. The solution on top is filtered by the ashes as it leaks into the beaker. The potash solution obtained this way is usually clear, that is, colorless, although it also depends on the source of the ash. One of the major management problems in the mega-cities of Nigeria is that of solid waste disposal.
Wood waste and ashes take a considerable percentage of solid wastes being generated in Nigeria every day. Wood factories, including saw mills, are established in their thousands in various states, with thousands of tons of wood shavings and saw dusts being generated each day Aina, At present in Nigeria, apart from the insignificant use as poultry deep litters, the largest percentage of saw dusts and wood shavings end up in dump sites as waste, where they are burnt and the ashes carried away by flood every year.
The ashes generated, including those from combustion of firewood in various homes and food canteens, are either land-filled or open-dumped. This report evaluates the efficiency of burning and consequent extraction of alkali from the resulting ash, as options for management of wood waste.
Results and Discussion Table 1 shows the results of the moisture content, dry matter content, density of sample, and density of ashes; the values ranged from The values of ash and potash contents obtained Figure 3 ranged between 1. Crude potash purity 4. Funtumia elastica gave the highest moisture content while Funtuia elastica had the lowest dry matter content. Ceiba pentandra had the lowest moisture content, highest dry matter content, lowest density and lowest ash yield.
Terminali superba had relatively lower moisture content, relatively higher dry matter content, relatively high density and highest ash yield. Funtumia elastica gave the lowest ash yield, while Terminalia superba gave the highest. This observation was completely reversed in the case of potash yield: Terminalia superba gave the least potash yield.
A higher yield was obtained for Funtumia elastica and Ficus exasperata gave the highest yield. It may then be inferred that where ash yield is of interest, Ficus exasperata offers the best option; and where potash yield is of interest, Ficus exasperata offers the best option. As shown in Table 3, the results of the determination of ash content in terms of volume ranged 3 3 from 1. Taking the upper value And assuming the wood 3 factories generated 82 m of sawdust per day Babayemi and Dauda, , it gave 1 Potash content of the ashes ranged 3 between 4.
Taking What a great resource! Alkali content observed for Ficus exasperata was the highest; and Irvingia gabonensis, being the least. The high alkali content suggests potential use as laboratory reagent, since these results are comparable to the recommended purity of It may then be inferred that potash from ashes is predominantly carbonate of potassium or sodium.
The formation of oxides K2O and Na2O suggested by Onyegbado et al could only be true for the burning of pure metals in air; this may not be applicable to the burning of these metals in organic matrices: the potassium or sodium in plant materials is bound in organic matrix of which carbon is a major constituent.
During combustion, there is a high release of carbon IV oxide, leading to the formation of carbonate rather than oxide of the metals as suggested by these authors.
Irvingia gabonensis contained the highest non-alkali content and Ficus exasperata contained the least. A very high percentage of The results obtained after the enhancement of purity of the crude potash by recrystallization show the possibility of improving upon purity of potash alkali and making it fit for various uses.
The two Figures 5 and 6 showed no correlations. Conclusion Ficus exasperata, Ceiba pentandra and Funtumia elastica gave higher potash yield and very high purities were obtained for Ficus exasperata. These wood species could be recommended as choice materials for potash production. Leaching of caustic potash from cocoa husk ash. Bioresource Technology. Aina, O. Wood waste utilization for energy generation. Ankrah, E.
Chemical studies of some plant wastes from Ghana. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 25 10 , DOI: Evaluation of solid waste generation, categories and disposal options in developing countries: a case study of Nigeria.
Babayemi, J. O, Dauda, K. Assessment of ancient and improved alkali production technology. Asian Journal of Applied Sciences. In press. Determination of potash alkali and metal contents of ashes obtained from peels of some varieties of Nigeria Grown Musa species.
BioResources 5 3 : Evaluation of the composition and Chemistry of ash and potash from various plant materials — a review. Journal of Applied Sciences. Baker, D. Techniques for rapid analyses of corn leaves for eleven elements.
Journal 56, pp. Campbell, A. Recycling and disposing of wood ash. Tappi 73 9 , pp. A 2a Powder Bulk Density. West African Crops. Oxford University Press. Caveman Chemistry. Retrieved from www. Factors affecting the lixiviation of palm bunch ash as a source of alkali for soap production. Ife Journal of Technology.
Manhendra, K. Wood ash composition as a function of furnace temperature. Biomass and Bioenergy, 4 2 , pp. Practical Environmental Analysis. Misra, M. Wood Miroslav, R. Plant ash composition as a function of furnace temperature. Biomass and Bioenergy 4 2 , Chemical processing development. Nwoko, V. Effects of mixing oil on the preparation and properties of soap. Private Communications. Ojokuku, G.
Practical Chemistry for Schools and Colleges. Onyegbado, C. Solid soap production using plantain peels ash as source of alkali. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management. Onyekwere, C. Cassava peels ash: an alternative source of alkali in soap production.
Shelton, J. The wood BurnersEncyclopedia. Vermont Crossroads Press, Waitfield. Taiwo, O. Evaluation of various agro-wastes for traditional soap production. Tarun, R. Use of wood ash in cement-based materials. Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia, K and Adeboye, A. B Covenant University Ota, Nigeria. Estimated costs of building projects, which hitherto have been based on regression models, are usually left with gaps for high margin of errors and as well, they lack the capacity to accommodate certain intervening variables as construction works progress.
Data of past construction projects of the past 2 years were adjusted and used for the study. This model is developed and tested as a predictive cost model for building projects based on Artificial Neural Networks ANNs. This model will help professionals save time, make more realistic decisions, and help avoid underestimating and overestimating of project costs, which are some of the advantages over previously used Regression models.
Poor cost forecasting approach will lead to underestimating or overestimating and consequently cost overrun. Project abandonment as a result of cost overrun arising from poor cost forecasting approach, is an interesting phenomenon locally as well as globally.
This phenomenon has led to various stakeholders in built environment to be aware of importance of accurate project cost right from conceptual stage of building project as well as throughout the life cycle of the project work. The awareness of working with accurate cost has thus created a trend among various clients including private, corporate, as well as public clients government , that prudency in resources allocation is a great necessity for successful execution of project works.
This development led to the advent of forecasting project cost so as to generate project cost information which reveals what the value of a project cost could be in future. However, in providing project cost information, cost estimator often resort to using traditional approach, recent developments on the other hand has proven the fact that traditional approach, which uses historical methods do not tend to capture the details of project works cost components, as well as intervening variables that impacts the cost magnitude.
The cube method was the first recorded forecasting method; this was invented about years ago, floor area approach was developed around Skitmore et al ,some researchers later developed storey enclosure method on , which provides better result over the previously developed cube and floor area, certain variables were identified and incorporated into the model other than those used in the past, like floor areas vertical positioning, storey heights, building shape and presence of basement.
However in the mids, researchers started deploying statistical techniques cost modeling, through these, conventional methods evolved, such as approximate quantities and optimization. Peculiar to the research work in this era is possibility of demonstrating the applicability of the developed models, as a result of seemingly non applicable nature of model generated.
The result of the analysis indicates high level of accuracy in the output obtained from the neural network model. The model when developed will be simple to use. It is believed that the model will be suitable for use at different stages project work. O; OjO, and Obamiro, J. Pp Brandon, A. The Royal Institution of chartered surveyors, London. Bouabaz M and Hamami, M. American Journal of Applied Sciences. PP56 — Copeland, J and Proudfoot, A Creese, R. Ferry, D. J; Bandon, P.
S Cost Planning of Building. Blackwell th Science Limited. Garza, J and Rouhana, K. Neural Networks Versus Parameter based Application.
Y; Shanker, M. Anals of Operations research, 87, PP — John, F. D, Smith, P and David, J Cost planning of building, Seventh Edition, Blackwell science, Oxford. Iowa State Press. Third Edition, Blackwell Publishing Company. United State of America. Moore C. F; Lees, T. Rics paper series. Morantz, B. H; Whalen, T. Rafiq M. U, Bugman G, Easterbrook D. Compustruct, 79, Skitmore, R. M, and Ng, S. Walczak S. Journal of Managements Information System, 17 4 , William, T. In Topping, B.
It is also an oil rich nation with diversity of ecosystems. The country is committed to the principle of sustainable development by adopting environmental protection policy. The paper through historical approach traces the environmental policy development in the country. It identifies the policy strategies designed in support of sustainable development. It reckoned that policy impediments are hindrances to environmental sustainability. The environment could be looked at as the basis for man existence.
The misuse or misappropriation of the constituents of the environment could hamper the health, socio-economy and peace of a nation. This may leads to state or national security. Thus, it is essential that man should design a way for its sustainability. This can only be achieved through formulation and development of adequate and dynamic environmental protection policy which will engender environmental sustainability.
The Environmental Sustainability as an off shoot of the Principle of Sustainable Development emphasizes the need to meet the needs and aspiration of the present without compromising the needs of the future WECD, It can only be midwife by the nation with the support of its citizenry.
Sustainable development entails the harmonization of population growth with utilization and exploitation of natural resources through redirection and reorientation of research and development as well as institutional changes UN-ECA, Environmental Policy formulation, adoption and implementation are generally developing concepts that came about in the late These concepts are still evolving in developing economy like Nigeria when they claimed to be put into force.
Whereas compared to the Western world this policy concepts are given expression yielding encouraging results. This paper shall examine the historical development of environmental policy in Nigeria and also identifies the problems of its implementation.
The paper at the end will recommend appropriate strategies that will encourage environmental sustainability in Nigeria. Conclusion The paper identifies that Nigeria support the principle of sustainable development by adopting environmental policy that is off shoot of Agenda It realized the impediments to environmental sustainability in policy adoption, policy harmonization, merging of agencies, monitoring and enforcement and institutional capacity.
It also surmised that sustainable policy should not be borrowed but expectedly builds and designed at home. The paper recommends the need for capacity building as an essential instrument in environmental policy development. It suggests integrated approach for policy formulation, adoption and implementation.
This is because workable environmental policy is expected to involve state actors and non state actors. Herbert-Copley ed. UNU Press. FEPA, undateda. National Guidelines on Environmental auditing. Federal Environmental Protection Agency. Assessed September 15, Oni, I. Umeh, L. C and Uchegbu, S. Principles and Procedures of Environmental Impact Assessment. United Nations Economy for Africa. B Ijebu-Igbo, Ogun State. Ni geria. The result of physiochemical and microbiological tests carried out on fish and sixteen water samples taken from Iddo in Apapa Local Government of Lagos State, Nigeria revealed pollution.
E,coli, Proteus sp. Finally, conclusion was drawn with the recommendation that sewage should be treated prior to discharge into any sphere of the environment. Its generation and efficient management facilitate social, economic and biological development.
Amount of waste generated keep soaring as a result of increasing urban population and consequent rapid urbanization, which, in-turn presents greater challenges for disposal and management. The problem is even worst with respect to non-solid wastes since no city in Nigeria has a sewage system worth its name Lagos State Ministry of Economic Planning and Budget The concern of this research is on excreta waste being discharged into the Lagos lagoon in relation to the impact on the lagoon ecosystem.
Excreta contain enteric organisms such as Klebsiella spp. Lagoon contains brackish water water that is slightly salty.
Out of three hundred and thirty two fish species belonging to the three categories of fish indicated above, seventy-nine 79 species have been identified in the Lagos lagoon. This is a vindication that Lagos lagoon provides substantial quantity of aquatic foods in the sub-region; however, mutilating its physico-chemical and biological structure portends significant socio-economic and health implications. Lagos lagoon is being polluted in its entirety of because one anthropogenic activity or the other that takes place at the littoral areas due to population pressure.
However some points are more populated and received more pollutants than others receives. In these two areas, there are excess organic nutrients, because raw human faeces are discharged into the lagoon without treatment. Thus, deterioration of the quality of water ensues and all signs of water pollution are obvious. The raw faecal effluent present in the lagoon is oxygen demanding, it can only be decomposed by aerobic oxygen-requiring bacteria. The presence of these bacteria in large number perhaps to detoxify excreta waste degenerate water quality by reducing the quantity of oxygen, and therefore, leading to massive demise of aquatic animals.
Untreated excreta wastes contain myriads of disease-causing agents pathogens which include bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and parasitic worms that eventually get to biological system of fish and other aquatic animals consumable by man.
Through this process feacal-oral diseases are transferred to man unfettered. WHO, declared that four million infants and adults die every year from diarrhea diseases, largely as a result of contaminated food or water. Akpata and Ekundayo , Helasi-kun , cited in Ajayi and Akonai asserted that the discharge of raw sewage into the lagoon has important health implications. This insanitary act is facilitating the spread of feaco-orally transmitted sanitation related diseases.
Infections such as diarrhea, cholera, and typhoid that account for significant mortality are contracted through house flies, contaminated hands, food, and water, eating and cooking utensils. It is not difficult for edible materials to be exposed to faecal matter in Lagos metropolis, because the polluted lagoon account for more than 70 per cent of fish and other sea foods consumed daily by Lagosians.
Therefore eating fish caught in the polluted Lagos lagoon increases the risk of contracting feaco-oral diseases. The main thrust of this paper is to examine the ecological impacts of discharging raw sewage into the lagoon with a view to identifying most healthy and sustainable approach SUMMARY The outcome of the test conducted on water samples from Iddo Jetty showed that the pH value 7.
Although aquatic organisms can still inhabit the lagoon environment with negligible impacts at present; the intractable discharge of raw excreta portends environmental dangers in close future. Other parameters tested were higher, total Suspended Solids TSS recorded ranged from ppm to ppm.
Total dissolve Solid TDS was higher than ppm. Conductivity was uS to uS; these confirmed that excessive quantity of both suspended and dissolved matter were present in the lagoon, and thereby made the lagoon water to be turbid, coloured and facilitate abnormal conduction of electricity. Laboratory tests conducted on water and fish during these quests revealed that the water in the lagoon around the jetty is harmful to aquatic, terrestrial, and arboreal fauna and flora that constitute the lagoon ecosystems.
The laboratory analysis revealed that E, coli, Proteus sp; Enterobacter sp; Aeromonas sp; Klebsiella sp; and Salmonella sp. Having established the fact that insanitary disposal of untreated faecal matter into the lagoon have negative impacts on the Lagoon ecosystem and subsequent man, it is human to suggest ways that could facilities proper management of excreta to obliterate environmental impacts associated with raw faecal contamination.
Therefore, fund that supposed to be expended on developmental projects of any kind would not be employed in procuring medications for curing diseases that are preventable. Public awareness campaign on the evil of insanitary collection and disposal of faecal matter should be heightened to curb incessant dumping of excreta waste into the lagoon to the tune of causing disease that can impair public health. There is need for government to reinvigorate health professional in charge of preventing disease, especially, Environmental Health Officers.
They are generally concerned with public health surveillance and the protection of the environment as it affects health. The reinvigoration of the profession would facilitate proper monitoring of the environment to curb indiscriminate dumping of wastes; and also empower Environmental Health Officers to prosecute any erring resident to serve as deterrent to others.
This is borne out of that fact that the jetty is the point where the highest volume of raw excreta is being discharged into the Lagos Lagoon Prior to getting an investor, there is still a provisional way out of discharging raw feacal matter into the lagoon without treatment.
There is a canal adjacent The National Art Theater, Iganmu that can be modified to suit deposition of feacal matter, and here feces can be treated biologically before onward release into the lagoon through soil pipes.
Considering our level of economic and technological development, we can still do with the present system of evacuation and discharge of raw feces. That is septic tank with soak-away system and ventilated improved pit latrines. But evacuated feces should be treated either biologically or otherwise prior to discharge into any parts of the sphere. The fish samples contain trace of microbiological substances according to the laboratory tests conducted; by inferences it will also contain physicochemical parameters, which are deleterious to lives.
Therefore, the lagoon is polluted. Students then partake in more active group activities in the classroom or online session , which reinforce and deepen their learning. Fully digital and highly engaging, Revel replaces the textbook and gives students everything they need for the course. Restate the question in terms of a research hypothesis and null hypothesis.
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